Vitamin D Side Effects । Supplements । Drops । Vitamin D2 And Vitamin D 3 Side Effects

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Vitamin D Side Effects

In this era, when everyone is pointing towards the Vitamin D Side Effects, it is totally out of depth to prove its benefits. Therefore, let us discuss about the latest – Vitamin D Side Effects. Vitamin D Side Effects are the unintended actions of drugs. These actions can be minor or severe. Prolonged intake of vitamin D in an extra amount can result in severe side effects. Natural sources are the most preferred ones for vitamin D consumption without any side effect. To prevent the side effects you must be aware of accurate dose which can balance the benefits and side effects.

The outset of the Vitamin D Side Effects is quite beneficial for us. The symptoms are so mild that they do not affect our health adversely. Besides, it also indicate us that our body has an ample amount of vitamin D. Therefore, utilize them as the tool to balance your doses.

Vitamin D Side Effects, Vitamin D Side Effects Too Much
Vitamin D Side Effects

Vitamin D Overdose Is Acutely Toxic -

So many rats and dogs have already sacrificed their life to provide us the correct dosage of vitamin D. Several experiments have been performed on animals every year just to know the specific amount of drug suitable for humans. According tothe researchers- a dose of 150 million IU is lethal. To be practical, this is almost next to impossible for someone to intake a vitamin D doselike this. Vitamin D is sold in the market without child-proof caps. This shows that the side effects are not that much severe as they are depicted. 

Still, an overdose is toxic enough to cause several health hazards, especially on those who are already suffering from several other diseases. Therefore, it is highly recommended to follow your expert’s advice in case of supplementation.

Vitamin D Toxicity Caused By Ordinary Doses -

This is the matter of huge concern these days. There are several victims of toxicitycaused by ordinary doses, taken daily. Actually, this is the accumulation of extra doses in several parts of our body, which leads to serious illness. Recently, it was in the news that even the ordinary doses of vitamin D are toxic enough to increase the risk of heart attack. This also shows the intensity of impact of vitamin D on veins and arteries.

Risks Associated With The High Doses Of Vitamin D From Food -

There are several allegations from renowned names from the health world regarding the food as a Sources Of Vitamin D. There are several other who contradict these allegations. The contradictions are in the majority, so, I would like to go with the contradiction. It makes sense that our daily diet is not capable enough to fulfill the vitamin D requirement in our body then why it can cause hypervitaminosis. Experts state that sunshine is the best source of vitamin D as it provides vitamin in a balance manner.

Classic Symptoms Of Vitamin D Side Effects -

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Headache
  • Abdominal or bone pain
  • Dizziness
  • Dry mouth


Excessive urination, calcification of organs and blood vessels, itching, seizures and osteoporosis are the symptoms of severe Vitamin D Side Effects.

Vitamin D Side Effects are normally  : 1. Irritable lungs which become sensitive to caffeine. 2. Sensation in the teeth:Normally, people suffering from vitamin D side effects are diagnosed with the toothache. 3. Ringing ears. 4. Often people undergoing vitamin D supplementationcomplains of pain in the fourth finger. 5. Chest pain: This side effect has enough power to convince you to shun vitamin D for the lifetime. 6. Insomnia is also another such Vitamin D Side Effects. 7. It increases the sensitivity of eyes, which leads to eye discharge.

Stop vitamin D supplementation on the outset of such side effects. Vitamin D Side Effects fade away within few days. You cannot get the accurate vitamin D dosage from the internet. Instead of that you have to consult a doctor for that. Vitamin D is an amazing nutrient when consumed in an optimal amount. It can improve your health in an incredible manner. Early symptoms are blessings as they guide you towards the perfect dose of vitamin D.


Vitamin D Side Effects Supplements


Intake of vitamin D either from natural or synthesized sources is always different for every person. It is according to the need of the body. This requirement keeps changing from time to time. However, 400 IU is the minimum limit provided by the Institute of Medicine. The adequate amount of dosage for vitamin D by the health experts differs with that of the government. According to them, the minimum limit is 1000 IU. Therefore, the dosage of vitamin D is one of the hot-button issues these days.

Supplement overdose leads to several Vitamin D Side Effects Supplements.

The symptoms of Vitamin D Side Effects Supplements are:

  • Loss of appetite
  • Dizziness
  • Vomiting
  • Bone pain
  • Muscle pain
  • Stomach cramps
  • Weight loss
  • Headache
  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Bone loss
  • Nausea
  • Weakness


How to avoid Vitamin D Side Effects Supplements? :- 

1. Level of calcium and magnesium in your blood : Make sure your diet plan includes enough sources of calcium, magnesium, zinc, boron and vitamin K2. Vitamin D is effective only with these nutrients. The best source of vitamin D is a healthy and nutrient-rich diet. 

2. Level of vitamin A in your body Our body has the same cell receptor for both vitamin A and D. So, if it is equipped with the vitamin A then it has no space for vitamin D. Therefore, overdose of vitamin A checks the absorption of vitamin D in spite of its adequate amount. Prefer the intake of vitamin A through beta-carotene instead of retinol. All yellow, orange and green vegetables are the sources of Beta-carotene in our body. 

3. Vitamin D3 in your blood Conditions which require a frequent check of vitamin D3 are: change of season, change of location, change in your lifestyle (sunning habits), etc. 

4. Adjust your vitamin D dose : This means you must have the information of the size of the capsule. Adjust your vitamin D dose such that it fits your capsule size. Suppose the requirement of your body is 3000 IU per day and you have a capsule of 5000 IU then take 4 capsules per week. This amount is nearest to 21000 IU per week which you have been aiming for. Always aim for a broad optimum range rather than a fix amount. 

5. Consult a health expert : People who are going through a treatment and are not in good health are highly recommended to consult his experts before undergoing any supplementation. There are few conditions where vitamin D is not at all permitted. Others are required to adjust the dosage only. 

6. Find your correct vitamin D dosage.

Although vitamin D plays a major role in maintaining the bone strength yet there are several side effects related to it. Follow the above precautions to prevent vitamin D supplement side effects.


Vitamin D Drops Side Effects


Though there are several Natural Sources Of Vitamin D, supplements are considered as the more effective way to fulfill the deficiency.  Vitamin D Supplements are the synthesized nutrients which are available in the capsule or tablets form. These are synthesized according to the dosage of vitamin D. Vitamin D drops are one of the forms of synthesized vitamin D. Feedbacks from the users of vitamin D drops suggests that they are as effective as capsules or tablets. 

Vitamin D Drops Side Effects are the result of its overdose. Vitamin D drops are easy-to-administer form of supplements developed especially for infants and toddlers. You do not have to intake them with water or milk. Secondly, supplements in the form of tablets and capsules have to move to the digestive tract before they are used by the body. In the mean while they lose their potency as well. Whereas the drops are absorbed on the tongue itself, the moment they are dropped. One drop per day is capable enough to fulfill your vitamin D requirement.


Vitamin D Drops Side Effects are as follows -

Kidney stones :

Kidney stones are the crystals of calcium aggregated in the kidney tubules. Irritation, pain and inflammation are the symptoms of kidney stones. The function of kidney gets adversely affected with the formation of kidney stones in the organ.

Calcification :

Calcification is the increase in the absorbance of calcium. This high calcium levels results in hardening of soft tissues and bone loss.

Overall Vitamin D Drops Side Effects - 

  • Constipation
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Headache
  • Loss of appetite
  • Fatigue
  • Frequent urination
  • Drowsiness
  • Weakness


How to use vitamin D drops effectively?

1. Make use of the dropper provided with the supplement. This prevents the measurement defects and contamination. 

2. Avoid filling the dropper beyond the 400 IU level. 

3. Vitamin D Supplements must be provided to those breast-fed babies who are not provided of Vitamin D Fortified Foods. 

4. Dosing:  Get all the necessary information regarding the dosage of vitamin D. All the toxicity of vitamin D is the result of its overdose. Dosing plays a major role in the effectiveness of the Vitamin D Supplements. 

5. Do not shake the bottle prior to its use.

6. Tilt the bottle slightly to avoid the overdose. 

7. Do not forget to replace the cap and close it tightly to protect it from further contamination. 

8. The perfect temperature range for the storage of Vitamin D drops is from 10 to 30 degrees centigrade.

Vitamin D is one of the most essential biomolecule for our body. We cannot utilize the natural Sources Of Vitamin D because of our modern lifestyle. Therefore, supplements are developed to cover up the loss. Vitamin D in the form of drops is used for the infants or toddlers as it is difficult for them to swallow or chew those bitter tablets. However, adults must go for these supplements in the form of tablets or capsules. There is a higher probability of overdose with these drops. It is the major reason of Vitamin D Drops Side Effects.


Vitamin D2 Side Effects


Vitamin D2 is the sterol which is derived from plants. It is produced by phytoplankton, fungi and invertebrates in response to UV irradiation of ergosterol. It is a biologically inactive biomolecule which is activated in response to sunlight. Besides that it is often added as fortification of food and is quite common in Vitamin D Supplements. Symptoms of Vitamin D2 Side Effects are noticed in case of its higher dosage. This biomolecule is not produced naturally in the human body. To maintain the Vitamin D Level in the body, it is only 40 percent effective.Therefore, vitamin D3 is suggested by several health experts to maintain the Vitamin D Levels in the body. Five times higher doses of vitamin D2 can adversely affect your health.

Vitamin D2 Side Effects Are :-

Stomach Discomfort : Vitamin D2 overdose can irritate your digestive tract. 

The symptoms of stomach discomfort due to Vitamin D2 Side Effects are:

  • Nausea
  • Heartburn
  • Loss of appetite
  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation


Contraindication of vitamin D2 in victims of the following diseases:

  • Hypersensitivity
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Malabsorption syndrome


It is the modulation in the ability of the intestine to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

Vitamin D2 Dosage -

Everybody knows that supplements show remarkable improvement in our health but there is hardly anybody who is aware of his dosage. How much do we need? Where to get it? , are some of the most popular questions these days. Its overdose can lead to several side effects. Therefore, one must know his exact quantity of supplementation. It is different for every individual.

Steps to optimize your vitamin D level (Vitamin D Levels Optimal) -

1. Oil based vitamin D is more effective. Intake of vitamin D must be in accordance with your body weight. 

2. Go for a frequent blood test, at least after 8 weeks of supplementation to get your blood level status of vitamin D. Finger prick test kits are also available in the market. 

3. An adequate blood level of vitamin D is 60-80 ng/ml of 25(OH)D. It is found that with every 1000 IU increase in vitamin D, there is an increase of 10ng/ml in blood level. Adjust your supplementation accordingly so that you can achieve the adequate level as mentioned.

Precautions to avoid Vitamin D2 Side Effects -

1. A blood test is suggested before starting any supplementation. This will provide you the current amount of vitamin D in your bloodstream. You will also come to know whether you are healthy enough for supplementation. Patients with sarcoidosis and certain lymphomas must stay away from any sort of supplementation. 

2. You must consult your doctor that which vitamin D (D2 or d3) is suitable for you.

For the last few years, this vitamin has been covered up not only in the health news but also one of the most researched topics. Recently, it is found that this vitamin has several benefits. This means it plays a vital role beyond bones and muscles. Symptoms of Vitamin D2 Side Effects can be noticed even in minor health problem. Therefore, you must consult your physician before starting vitamin D2 supplementation.

Vitamin D Side Effects, Vitamin D Side Effects Too Much
Vitamin D Side Effects

Vitamin D 3 Side Effects


The naturally-occurring form of vitamin D is D3 or cholecalciferol. Normally, Vitamin D Supplements are available in the form of D3. It is also synthesized in the body whenever sunlight strikes it. Radiation of lanolin can produce supplements artificially. The natural form of vitamin D3 is inactive. It is required to be hydroxylated twice to activate it. Overdose of supplements is the major cause of Vitamin D2 Side Effects. Sunlight and food sources do not have any type of side effects.

About Vitamin D3 Facts -

1. It is a dietary supplement which is used to compensate Vitamin D Deficiency. Normally, people who suffer from problems of absorption and digestion of vitamin D are suggested for vitamin D3 or delta d3 intake. 

2. If your vitamin d or calcium level is high then avoid the intake of vitamin D3. 

3. Vitamin D3 supplementation requires the guidance of a physician. 

4. Vitamin D3 is a part of vitamin D and therefore, it is also a fat-soluble vitamin. 

5. Mushrooms, meat and milk are the rich Natural Sources Of Vitamin D3. 

6. Vitamin D3 supplementation always accompanies a strict diet plan. Therefore, do not forget to get your diet chart from your dietician. 

7. It is vital for the synthesis of calcium inside the body. 

8. Osteoporosis, rickets and osteomalacia are the diseases caused due to the Deficiency Of Vitamin D. 

9. For some people delta D3 is an allergen. The symptoms of allergy are hives, breathing problem and swelling in some body parts. 

10. Kidney, cardiovascular or liver patients must resist vitamin D3 supplementation.

Recommended Doses Of Vitamin D3 -

1) 600 IU- between the age group of 19 and 71
2) 800 IU- over age 71

It is different for every individual depending upon its body type and health situation. Suppose 3 hours/week of exposure to sunlight is recommended for dark-skinned people to get an adequate dose of D3. For fair-skinned people, 45 minutes of sunlight exposure in a week is needed to synthesize sufficient quantity of vitamin D3. There are several diseases where the doses of vitamin D3 are quite high or as prescribed by the practitioners. Therefore, it is always recommended to consult your doctor prior to any type of supplementation as its overdose can lead to toxicity.


Vitamin D 3 Side Effects Are :-

  •  Stomach Upset


It occurs due to the irritation of digestive tract. This is the adverse condition of Vitamin D3 Overdose. Stomach upset symptoms of this condition are nauseous, vomiting, constipation, appetite loss and weight loss. Long term of stomach upset needs doctor’s consult otherwise it is just an indication of the vitamin D3 overdose. Reduce the supplementation of vitamin D3 if come across such a type of symptoms.

  • Weight loss


It is one of the very common symptoms of vitamin D3 or any other overdose of supplementation.

  • Increased Thirst


With the increase in vitamin D3 level in our bloodstream or any other organ, calcium level also increases. The increase in calcium level also increases thirst.

  • Increased Frequency Of Urination 


As soon as thirst level increases, urination also increases, which leads to loss of several essential minerals of the body. This can also be the sign of diabetes. Therefore, consult your doctor as soon as you come across this symptom.

  • Metallic Taste


It is the development of unpleasant metallic taste with the increase in vitamin D3 level.

  • Dry Mouth


This is the condition of thick and sticky saliva.

  • Dizziness 


Vitamin D Dizziness, It accompanies confusion, change in behavior, headache or unsteadiness.

  • Chest Pain


  • Overall Weakness


Laughter is the only tranquilizer with no side effects. Rest, anything in the world has both advantages and disadvantages. Overdose and several other body conditions can lead to Vitamin D 3 Side Effects. Anything has taken in excess can disturb the homeostatic balance. Consult your physician to be on the safer side.


Vitamin D Toxicity


According to several health institutes and experts, it is the need of the hour to look for a change in our diet. Both our environment and lifestyle force us to include some supplements in our diet. Malnutrition leads to several ailments, which becomes irreversible many times. These supplements are beneficial but their blind intake can be the major cause of Vitamin D Toxicity. 

Vitamin D Toxicity is caused due to the accumulation of calcium in the bloodstream. It happens only with those who undergo vitamin D supplementation. These days it covers the news headlines due to its toxicity rather than deficiency.

Vitamin D Toxicity From Food -

Vitamin D from food is never sufficient to meet up the requirements. Even the fortified foods cannot cure the hypovitaminosis (Deficiency Of Vitamin D). Therefore, we have to depend on the supplements to get an adequate amount of vitamin D. People, who are dependent on this source, are more prone to the hypervitaminosis. Daily ingestion of cod-liver oil can cause this toxicity.However, fortified foods can also become a major cause of overdose, but it happens rarely.

Sunlight And Vitamin D Toxicity -

Excess of sunlight exposure never results in Vitamin D Toxicity. The symptoms of Vitamin D Toxicity or hypercalcemia are as follows:

1. Abnormal behavior or mental illness 

2. Constipation 

3. Heart abnormalities or cardiovascular problem 

4. Kidney stones 

5. Nausea 

6. Poor appetite 

7. Vomiting 

8. Weakness 

9. Itchy skin


Vitamin D Toxicity Diagnosis -

It is recommended for those who are going through the vitamin D hypovitaminosis medication. They must do the frequent monitoring of vitamin D and calcium blood levels to prevent the further toxicity. The most common Vitamin D Toxicity diagnostic tests include:

1. Blood tests to check the elevated level of calcium, vitamin D and phosphorous. 

2. Urine tests for high calcium levels. 3. X-rays of bones.

Treatment Of Vitamin D Toxicity -

Normally, a person with Vitamin D Toxicity undergoes following treatment yet it is different for every individual. Hence, consult a doctor instead of following them yourself. Any type of experimentation can also prove fatal.

1. Stopping the intake of vitamin D supplementation 

2. Stopping the calcium intake 

3. Intravenous administration of fluids to maintain the hydration. 

4. Saline and Corticosteroids are very effective in reducing the calcium levels. 

5. Other Medications may involve the hospitalization of patients.

Recovery From Vitamin D Toxicity -

Vitamin D Toxicity can lead to irreversible loss if not cured in its inception. It is possible only on the following situations:

1. If deposits have not been formed in the soft tissues. 

2. Kidney damage is an irreversible loss.

We cannot take or absorb vitamin D directly from the sources. Instead of that it is synthesized in the body when it is exposed to sun. After synthesis, it is stored to inside to be used in the future. Vitamin D is very necessary for our health and its deficiency can lead to several ailments. There is a proper amount of doses prescribed for human, and we must abide by them otherwise anything in excess can prove fatal to us. The Vitamin D Levels and dosage differ for every individual. Therefore, it is suggested to consult your dietician prior to any sort of supplementation.

People with Sarcoidosis, Lymphoma, hyperparathyroidism and tuberculosis are more prone to developing Vitamin D Toxicity. These people should have their blood serum regularly monitored for calcium levels. Untreated toxicity can lead to several adverse reactions mentioned above.

Nutritious, fibrous and a balanced meal is enough to maintain a proper health. Besides, eight hours sleep, daily exercise and meditation can never lead to any toxic effects on your health. Take some time out of your robotic lifestyle and plan out a healthy lifestyle to avoid supplementation of vitamin D.

Vitamin D Side Effects, Vitamin D Side Effects Too Much
Vitamin D Side Effects Too Much

50000 IU Vitamin D Side Effects


50000 IU of vitamin D is an overdose which can cause serious problems. 400 IUs is the recommended dose of vitamin D by the government. However, health experts suggest quite a higher dose than this amount. Vitamin D includes both vitamins D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). There exists a population with such diseases, which make the absorption of vitamins difficult. 50,000 IU is available in the form of the oil-filled, soft gel capsule. Normally, 50000 IU of vitamin D is recommended to those people to fulfill the vitamin D requirement. The prescribed intake of 50,000 IUs of the capsule is once a week. Besides that it can have negative side effects if taken daily.

Early symptoms of 50000 IU of vitamin D -

Merck manuals report that the early symptoms of 50000 IU are similar to those of Overdose Of Vitamin D. The increased level of calcium due to megadose of D can lead to nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and loss of appetite. These are the early symptoms of Vitamin D Overdose. Therefore, you can ask for a modulation in your prescription.

  • Pain in Chest, Bones and Muscles


It is a common symptom but when it accompanies several other symptoms then it is a side effect of overdose of vitamin D. This indicates respiratory or cardiovascular problems.

  • Soft Tissue Calcification


This symptom is an indication of life threatening ailments. This affects soft tissues in our body such as of lungs, heart, blood vessels and kidney. Whenever you have to go through this dose of supplementation, do not miss frequent tests of your body.

  • Abnormal Behavior or Mental Problem


Unpredictable, irrational, dysfunctional and other abnormal behavior is noticed in a person suffering from 500000 IU Vitamin D Side Effects.

  • Delayed Symptoms


These are those symptoms which a person comes across after a long time supplementation of vitamin D. Arteries and kidneys are the spots where calcium deposition occurs. If calcium stockpile in arteries then it is giving rise to a cardiovascular disease and similarly kidney stones in case of deposition in kidney. It can lead to kidney failure as well. Increased thirst and urine volume are signs of these problems.

  • Hypersensitivity


Hyperthyroidism, sarcoidosis or cancer patients can react abnormally to a normal dose of vitamin D. Consult your doctor prior to its intake if you are suffering from any of disease.

  • Allergical Reactions


50000 IU of D2 capsule often includes some additives and dyes which lead to several allergic reactions. Serious allergic reactions due to D2 are: hives, breathing problem, swelling of lips and dizziness.

  • Hypervitaminosis D


It is normally referred as Vitamin D Toxicity. Kidney impairment, calcification of renal tissue and cognitive impairment are some of the problems caused by Vitamin D Toxicity or Vitamin D Overdose.

  • Bone Loss


Last but not the least; it is the most common 50000 IU Vitamin D Side Effects. Regulation of calcium level in human body cannot happen without vitamin D. Its overdose such as 50000 IU capsules can lead to excess of calcium in blood due to hydroxyapatite breakdown. Hydroxyapatite is the mineral responsible for the strength of our teeth and bones. The excess of calcium in the blood leads its deficiency in bones. An appropriate dose of vitamin D can easily solve this problem.

Supplements are an integral part of a healthy life package which includes exercise, diet and other things as well. Through proper dosage of vitamin D supplementation you can easily achieve the goal of a healthy life. 50000 IU Vitamin D Side Effects are the signs of improper dosage. This teaches us to be cautious prior to the intake of any drug or supplement. Its always recommended to consult an expert rather than getting it from a chemist’s counter.


Is Diarrhea A Side Effect Of Vitamin D?


“Excess generally causes reaction, and produces a change in the opposite direction, whether it is in the seasons, or in individuals, or in governments.”

Overdose of vitamin D supplementation is followed by several symptoms of diarrhea and many other side effects. This raises questions such as- Is Diarrhea a side effect of vitamin D? Fat-soluble vitamins take longer to move out through excretion. They keep stacking inside our body and eventually disturb the homeostasis of our body. Vitamin D is one such fat-soluble hormone. Though vitamin D is considered as one of the most beneficial, it is also toxic if taken in excess.

Excessive consumption of vitamin D can lead to -

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Diarrhea
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Accumulation of calcium in the brain, heart and kidney.
  • Joint pain


These days vitamin D is in the limelight due to the side effects of its overdose rather than its deficiency problems. “Is diarrhea a side effect of vitamin D?” is one of those most asked questions on its side effects. Excess amount of vitamin D supplementation leads to diarrhea. There exists a biological reason for this side effect. Megadoses of vitamin D can lead to irritation of intestinal tract, which is the main cause of diarrhea. Diarrhea is the side effect of overdose or bad quality Vitamin D Supplements.

Symptoms Of Diarrhea -

1. Abdominal cramping 

2. Watery bowel movements 

3. Little vomiting (in some cases)

Dangers Of Diarrhea -

1. Diarrhea is dangerous in babies or children. It lasts only for 2 to 3 days in adults. 

2. It causes considerable loss of water and salt, which leads to dehydration.

However, Vitamin D Supplements are not always the cause of diarrhea. There can be several other causes as well.

1. Stomach flu can lead to diarrhea. So, if food poisoning shows such symptoms that mean it is a way of cleansing of stomach. Our body has cure for most of its ailments due to the immune system. Symptoms are the signs of disturbance inside the body, and sometimes it is a cure as well. Therefore, diarrhea of 2 to 3 days is always a sort of cleansing rather than a disease to worry about. 

2. Chewing a lot of gums can also lead to diarrhea.

3. Drinking untreated or contaminated water can lead to lamblia infection. Lamblia is a parasite which can cause diarrhea after few weeks of its entry.

4. There are several antibiotics, which can cause irritation of intestinal tract. Normally, this happens when a person goes for non-prescribed antibiotics. This shows it can also be the side effect of an antibiotic rather than Vitamin D.

5. Emotional stress, anxiety and fatigue are also the leading causes of diarrhea.

Is diarrhea a side effect of vitamin D? Yes, it is one of the several Vitamin D Side Effects but for those who are addicted to supplements. It does not require much deeper understanding of the cause of diseases such as diarrhea. Few checks or regulation on our diet and lifestyle can easily prevent them. To bring the greatest harmony in your life through your health you must avoid things in excess as they say “Everything in excess is opposed to nature.”

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